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What are gall stones?

Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into your small intestine.

How does gall stones form?

Gallstones are thought to develop because of an imbalance in the chemical make-up of bile inside the gallbladder. In most cases the levels of cholesterol in bile become too high and the excess cholesterol forms into stones. Gallstones are very common.

Types of gall stones

Gall stones are of two types

- Cholesterol stones

- Pigment stones

Causes

• - Your bile contains too much cholesterol. Normally, your bile contains enough chemicals to dissolve the cholesterol excreted by your liver. But if your liver excretes more cholesterol than your bile can dissolve, the excess cholesterol may form into crystals and eventually into stones.
• - Your bile contains too much bilirubin. Bilirubin is a chemical that's produced when your body breaks down red blood cells. Certain conditions cause your liver to make too much bilirubin, including liver cirrhosis, biliary tract infections and certain blood disorders. The excess bilirubin contributes to gallstone formation.
• - Your gallbladder doesn't empty correctly. If your gallbladder doesn't empty completely or often enough, bile may become very concentrated, contributing to the formation of gallstones.
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Symptoms

- Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the upper right portion of your abdomen

- Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the center of your abdomen, just below your breastbone

- Back pain between your shoulder blades

- Pain in your right shoulder

- Nausea or vomiting

Diagnosis

Self-diagnosis

Even if you might not suffer from any sort of pain from gallstones initially, they might internally lead you to several complications which can include the following symptoms:

• - Nausea and Vomiting
• - Piercing and rapidly intensifying pain in the right side of your abdomen
• - Pain in your right shoulder
• - High fever with chills
• - Pain in the mid or lower back
• - Jaundice, leading to skin and eye whites turning yellow
• - Heartburn and indigestion

If you are going through any of the above-mentioned symptoms, you might consider suffering from the complications of a possible gallstone attack and should immediately seek medical assistance.

Diagnosis by doctor

• - Abdominal ultrasound. This test is the one most commonly used to look for signs of gallstones. Abdominal ultrasound involves moving a device (transducer) back and forth across your stomach area. The transducer sends signals to a computer, which creates images that show the structures in your abdomen.
• - Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). This procedure can help identify smaller stones that may be missed on an abdominal ultrasound. During EUS your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) through your mouth and through your digestive tract. A small ultrasound device (transducer) in the tube produces sound waves that create a precise image of surrounding tissue.
• - Other imaging tests. Additional tests may include oral cholecystography, a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Gallstones discovered using ERCP can be removed during the procedure.
• - Blood tests. Blood tests may reveal infection, jaundice, pancreatitis or other complications caused by gallstones.

Severity

Grade: 1- correlates with a normal appearing gall bladder without adhesions.

Grade: 2- correlates with minor adhesions at the neck of the gallbladder.

Grade: 3- correlates with the presence of hyperemia, pericholecystic fluid, adhesions to the body of the body of the gallbladder, or a distended gallbladder

Risks

• - Being female
• - Being age 40 or older
• - Being a Native American
• - Being a Hispanic of Mexican origin
• - Being overweight or obese
• - Being sedentary
• - Being pregnant
• - Eating a high-fat diet
• - Eating a high-cholesterol diet
• - Eating a low-fiber diet
• - Having a family history of gallstones
• - Having diabetes
• - Having certain blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia or leukemia
• - Losing weight very quickly
• - Taking medications that contain estrogen, such as oral contraceptives or hormone therapy drugs
• - Having liver disease
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Complications

• - Inflammation of the gallbladder.
• - Blockage of the common bile duct
• - Blockage of the pancreatic duct.
• - Gallbladder cancer.
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During the surgery of gall stones

A cholecystectomy is most commonly performed by inserting a tiny video camera and special surgical tools through four small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the gallbladder. Doctors call this a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In some cases, one large incision may be used to remove the gallbladder

If left untreated of gall stones

If gallstones lodge in a bile duct and cause a blockage, it eventually results in severe life-threatening complications such as bile duct inflammation and infection, pancreatitis or cholecystitis (an inflammation of gallbladder). In addition, if left untreated, it might increase risk of “gallbladder cancer”.

Prevention of gall stones

• - Don't skip meals. Try to stick to your usual mealtimes each day. Skipping meals or fasting can increase the risk of gallstones.
• - Lose weight slowly. If you need to lose weight, go slow. Rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstones. Aim to lose 1 or 2 pounds (about 0.5 to 1 kilogram) a week.
• - Eat more high-fiber foods. Include more fiber-rich foods in your diet, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• - Maintain a healthy weight. Obesity and being overweight increase the risk of gallstones. Work to achieve a healthy weight by reducing the number of calories you eat and increasing the amount of physical activity you get. Once you achieve a healthy weight, work to maintain that weight by continuing your healthy diet and continuing to exercise.